Veterinaria is an international open access journal of veterinary research that publishes original papers and reviews on a wide range of veterinary topics. Research Article, Short Communication, Case Report, Review Article, and Letter to Editor are subject to peer review. Articles should be written in the English language. As of July 2024, the journal has expanded its scope to include research on environmental health, environmental management, environmental protection, and ecology, reflecting its commitment to addressing the interconnectedness of veterinary and environmental sciences. Other type of paper (professional papers, book reviews, student papers, news, reports, comments…) should be written in the English or Bosnian language and they are published at the discretion of the Editor (non peer reviewed articles). Veterinaria is the official journal of the University of Sarajevo - Veterinary faculty, and has been published since 1951.
University of Sarajevo - Veterinary faculty
Assessment of the efficacy of stable liquid chlorine dioxide (CLO2) in disinfection of stored table eggs
Microbiological contamination of table egg shells poses an important public health and technological challenge, particularly in the European Union, where washing and disinfection of Class A eggs are prohibited due to adverse effects associated with previously used sanitising agents. This study evaluated the efficacy of stable liquid chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) in reducing microbial load on eggshells during storage under commercial conditions. A total of 200 eggs were divided into two groups: a control group (untreated) and an experimental group treated with a fine aerosol of 50 ppm ClO₂. Microbiological cleanliness was assessed using total aerobic mesophilic bacterial count (UBAMB) and luminometry at predetermined intervals.Immediately after treatment (day 0), the experimental group showed a pronounced microbiological reduction, with median UBAMB values decreasing from 35,000 CFU in the control group to 70 CFU in the treated group (p = 0.029). Significant differences in luminometry values between the groups were observed on days 0 and 14 (p = 0.028; p = 0.025), indicating sustained antimicrobial activity during storage. Within the experimental group, luminometry values showed significant temporal variation (p = 0.015), characterised by an increase by day 7, followed by stabilisation by day 14, when values returned to levels comparable to those observed immediately after disinfection (p = 0.980). No significant temporal changes were detected in the control group (p = 0.276). Stable liquid chlorine dioxide proved to be an effective and technologically acceptable disinfectant, achieving significant microbial reduction without compromising egg integrity. These findings highlight the potential applicability of ClO2 as a modern, non-destructive sanitising option that addresses microbiological safety concerns while meeting the hygienic and regulatory requirements related to table egg production. Further research is recommended to assess the internal quality of eggs and to explore broader microbiological indicators under varying storage and environmental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ajla Ališah, Ermin Šaljić, Abdulah Gagić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Novel atherogenic indices and risk of cardiovascular complications in patients of hypertension
The study was aimed to evaluate the lipid panel parameters in Hypertension (HTA) patients along with gender-dependent comparison and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) risk estimated based on Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) values. This study aims to emphasize the importance of the lipid profile in blood in cardiovascular patients with hypertension. Total number of 136 adult HTA patients (85 female/51 male; mean age 63.3 ± 10.2 years old) were incorporated in this retrospective study. According to CVD risk estimated based on AIP values, patients were classified into two groups: HTA patients with low/moderate CVD risk - AIP ≤ 0.21 (n=51) and HTA patients with high CVD risk - AIP >0.21 (n=85). Triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (nHDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), Atherogenic coefficient (AC), TG/HDL-C ratio, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and TC/HDL-C ratio were used for comparison of both groups. Routine lipid parameters were analysed by standard biochemical methods. For calculation of composite lipid indices, we used reference formulas. HTA patients with high CVD risk had significantly higher levels of TC (p=0.02), TG/HDL-C ratio, TG, AIP, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, nHDL-cholesterol, TC/HDL-C ratio, and atherogenic coefficient, and significantly lover HDL-C compared to HTA patients with low/moderate CV risk (p<0.001 respectively). Our findings underscore the importance of considering various lipid profile parameters in risk stratification among patients with HTA.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emina Dervišević, Lejla Čolak, Amela Dervišević, Zurifa Ajanović, Ekrema Mujarić, Aida Bešić, Ferid Krupić, Edina Lazović, Hajrudin Spahović, Nedim Šuta, Almir Fajkić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sexual dimorphism of central midface skeleton: Geometric morphometrics approach on 3D models of human skull
Morphological differences of the skeleton between the genders have long attracted the attention of disciplines concerned with sex determination, leading to the development of various approaches for gender assessment. In addition to traditional techniques, geometric morphometrics has recently been introduced as a method for identifying sex based on skeletal features. Geometric morphometrics allows quantification and evaluation of biological shapes, including skeletal material, through the application of statistical and mathematical tools. The study was conducted on 3D models of 210 human skulls (139 male and 71 female). Within the central midface skeleton, nine landmarks were selected and marked in the Landmark Editor software. After marking the landmarks, their spatial coordinates were extracted and then imported into the MorphoJ program to analyze shape and size variation between sexes. Principal component analysis, covariance matrix generation, and discriminant function analysis were carried out with sex as the classification variable. The findings indicated that sex estimation based on the size and shape of the central midface skeleton reached an accuracy of 73% for males and 70% for females. The shape of the central midface skeleton exhibited statistically significant sexual dimorphism independent of size. After excluding the influence of facial size and considering only shape variables, geometric morphometrics achieved predictive accuracy of 73% for males and 72% for females.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zurifa Ajanović, Uzeir Ajanović, Maida Šahinović, Katarina Đurđević, Gorana Basailović, Nidžara Karup, Fuad Zukić, Emina Dervišević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Discovery of new antibiotics using bioinformatics and machine learning methods
Antibiotic resistance is a serious global health threat that causes approximately 1.27 million deaths worldwide each year and is expected to reach 10 million by 2050. New antibiotic development is exceptionally challenging, typically requiring 10-15 years and approximately $1.5 billion investment. In this process, genomic and metagenomic analyses play a critical role by revealing the genetic potential of unculturable microorganisms and identifying new antibiotic-producing microorganisms. Additionally, deep learning models analyze molecular structures to identify new compounds with antibacterial activity, and virtual screening techniques analyze large molecular databases to determine potential active compounds. It has been shown that models developed using deep learning can predict antibiotic biosynthesis gene clusters with over 90% accuracy. Alongside these approaches, the identification of antibiotic combinations and the prediction of synergistic effects allow for the development of more effective treatment strategies against multidrug resistance. These methods contribute to the development of proactive approaches in managing antibiotic resistance and optimize the discovery of new antibiotics and the effective use of existing ones. This review examines the discovery of new antibiotics using bioinformatics and machine learning methods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehmet Nihat Ural https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Management of a mixed enterococcal and streptococcal infection in a three-year old bull mastiff bitch: A case report
Infertility in bitches posses a great concern to dog owners and breeders who intend to uplift their economic gain from sale of pupies. This case is a report of successful management of a mixed infection of enterococcus and streptococcus in a bull mastiff bitch presented following repeated still birth in two consecutive pregnancies. Vital parameters were normal, but haematologivcal parameters were below the reference range. Also, vaginal cytology indicated estrus, microbial culture and sensitivity test of vaginal swab indicated enterococcus and streptococus that were highly susceptible to arythromyzin and resistant to amoxicilin and ciprofloxacin. Since serum agglutination test returned negative for brucellosis, a confirmatory diagnosis of a mixed infection of enterococcus and streptococcus was made. Antibiotics treatment with the most sensitive drug, and post-treatment laboratory screening revealed a good prognosis. The bitch was succesfully bred at the next estrus post treatment. This case underscored the importance of laboratory diagnosis and management of systemic infections to sustain fertility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Christiana Ibe, Kennett Any, Emmanuel Adenaike, Eugenie Tchokote https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and risk factors of feline calicivirus and assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices among cat owners in Pakistan
Feline calicivirus is an upper respiratory tract infection characterized by mouth ulcers and runny eyes, and one of the commonest viral infections in cats. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of feline calicivirus and to identify the public’s knowledge, risk factors, attitude and practices towards calicivirus and general care of cats in Pakistan. The prevalence was determined based on diagnostic data (pathological observations and serological tests) from veterinary clinics in the study area during 2021. A questionnaire was designed to access the sociodemographic, knowledge, attitude and practices regarding feline calicivirus among 298 pet owners. The overall prevalence of feline calicivirus was 17.1%. The majority (62.75%) of the pet owners showed overall poor knowledge about the transmission of the virus and its infectiousness. A poor attitude towards the prevention of feline calicivirus was also observed in 52.68% of respondents. Most pet owners (62.75%) had poor values regarding the cleanliness of their cats. Because most surveys were completed by responders living in urban areas, very few cats were exposed to toxins such as pesticides. Despite not knowing much about the virus itself, responders were keen to keep their feline pets healthy with good hygiene; however, only a minimum ensured it.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maheen Hanif, Muhammad Asif Gondal, Abid Ali, Emina Dervišević, Jing Zhang, Haroon Ahmed, Jianping Cao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pseudoacetabulum formation on the femur following untreated femoral neck fracture in a juvenile cat: Surgical management and outcome
Femoral neck fractures are relatively common in cats and typically result from high-energy trauma, such as falls from significant heights. If left untreated or inadequately managed, these fractures can lead to chronic complications including pseudarthrosis, joint instability, and impaired function. This report describes a rare case of pseudoacetabulum formation secondary to an untreated femoral neck fracture in a juvenile cat. A four-month-old kitten presented following a fall from height and was diagnosed with a femoral neck fracture. Based on the owner’s decision, conservative management was pursued, and surgery was declined. In the months that followed, the patient developed progressive lameness and hip pain. By seven months of age, advanced imaging revealed separation of the femoral head from the anatomical acetabulum and the formation of a pseudoarticulation between the femoral head and proximal femur metaphysis, consistent with a pseudoacetabulum—a phenomenon more commonly described in human medicine following chronic hip dysplasia. In this case, the pseudoacetabulum was attributed to traumatic injury managed conservatively without adequate follow-up. Surgical excision of the femoral head and neck subsequently resulted in satisfactory functional recovery. This case highlights the importance of timely surgical intervention in femoral neck fractures in young cats and emphasizes pseudoacetabulum formation as a rare but clinically significant sequela of delayed or insufficient treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmet Ince, Refet Erand Eratam, Seyit Turalı, İrem Ergin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiological assessment of marine species in Neum bay (Bosnia and Herzegovina): Implications for one health and food safety
Environmental radioactivity is often an overlooked factor in the One Health framework, despite its potential to impact human health through bioaccumulation and trophic web transfer. This study presents a radiological assessment of marine species along Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Adriatic coastline, using mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and sea cucumbers (Holothuria sp.) as bioindicator species. Samples from each species were collected from Neum Bay and analysed using gamma spectrometry. Activity concentrations of radionuclides K-40, Be-7, Pb-210, Cs-137 and Ra-226 were determined based on their characteristic gamma emission lines or those of their decay products. All activity concentrations are expressed on dry weight (d.w.). In mussels, the dominant radionuclide was K-40 (340.6 Bq/kg), followed by Pb-210 (15.6 Bq/kg), Be-7 (14.5 Bq/kg), Cs-137 was present at low level (0.1 Bq/kg), and Ra-226 was below the detection limit (<0.4 Bq/kg). In contrast, sea cucumbers showed lower K-40 activity (123.4 Bq/kg), but higher levels of Pb-210 (49.8 Bq/kg), Be-7 (36.9 Bq/kg), and detectable Ra-226 (7.7 Bq/kg), while Cs-137 was not detected. The activity concentration of Po-210 in Mytilus galloprovincialis was not measured directly, however it can be estimated using established relationship between Po-210 and Pb-210 observed in mussels, particularly from the MARIS program. Using a conservative ratio of 15:1, the estimated 210Po activity concentration in Neum Bay mussels is approximately 90 Bq/ kg (f.w.). From a public health perspective, it is likely that ingestion dose would be underestimated due to the absence of alpha-emitting Po-210 data in mussels. These findings highlight the importance of integrating environmental radionuclide monitoring into food safety and marine ecosystem protection strategies, particularly in under-monitored regions such as Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nejra Karaman, Mirza Čelebičić, Nedim Mujić, Nedžad Gradaščević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tissue preservation with Elnady technique: Important remarks
Formalin, as a proven carcinogenic and toxic chemical, is aiming to be reduced or completely removed from use in all spheres. Among different alternatives for formalin use, the plastination technique is widely known as unique method in tissue preservation. Due to its expensiveness, more affordable method has been invented by Professor Fawzy Elnady. The Elnady technique aims to detoxify formalin specimens used in classes by using cheaper and available chemicals. The specimens obtained are non-toxic, durable, odorless, dry, soft and flexible. They can be used in the teaching of anatomy, but also in other subjects such as embryology, pathology, parasitology, clinics and forensic veterinary medicine. During preparation, formalin is used for tissue fixation, acetone for dehydration, glycerin for impregnation and corn starch for drying of specimens. In this study, we observed effectiveness of the method on more than 100 different specimens. The results showed that lower quality specimens are obtained when the organs are stored in formalin for longer time. Usually, these specimens became darker with the decrease of visibility of structures. Furthermore, we noticed that lungs become darker with tissue sensitive to damages. The liver preparation resulted in dark, non-flexible specimen. We suggest these changes could be due to the time specimens were in glycerin since before this phase specimens had adequate characteristics. Throughout the specimens we also noticed the bad impact organ membranes had if left on the organ. With the acetone, they became too dry and their remains decreased the quality of the specimens. In our study, we confirmed the results of the author but we suggest that this method is not adequate for every type of organ and that organ membranes should be removed prior to process. We emphasize the importance of fresh specimens use, since older formalin specimens after preparation were not of great quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anel Vejzović, Rizah Avdić, Faruk Tandir, Nejra Dučić, Nedžad Hadžiomerović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The forensic significance of core temperature in identifying primary and secondary hypothermia as a cause of death: A pilot study on Wistar rats
Hypothermia is defined as a body core temperature below 35 °C and can be caused by internal or external stress. Primary hypothermia is caused by excessive exposure to low environmental temperature without any medical conditions prior to that. Secondary hypothermia is caused by alteration in thermoregulation by disease, trauma, surgery, drugs, or infections. The aim of the research is to investigate core temperature values in rats subjected to specific water temperatures at five different time points. It focuses on distinguishing between primary and secondary hypothermia in these rats. The total 21 Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups as: Control group rats exposed only to hypothermic condition (n = 7); Alcohol + hypothermia (n = 7); and Benzodiazepines + hypothermia (n = 7). The temperature spots analyzed in the study were: normal core temperature, core temperature during injection of 0,3 ml ketamine, temperature of immersion and the temperature at the onset of hypothermia and temperature at the time of death. In our study the comparative analysis of body temperatures at various time points following submersion in water revealed significant differences among the study groups treated with either alcohol or benzodiazepines and the control group. Notable differences were observed in baseline temperature, post-anesthesia induction temperature, and immediate post-submersion temperature. Specifically, significant differences were discovered among the alcohol and benzodiazepine groups (p < 0.001) and ranging from the alcohol and control groups (p < 0.001). The analysis of survival times following induced hypothermia revealed a statistically significant difference among the three experimental groups (p = 0.04), though subsequent post-hoc comparisons did not demonstrate significant differences in mean survival times. There is a difference in survival time between primary and secondary hypothermia groups, depending on consumption and intoxication with alcohol or benzodiazepines. The analysis of survival times following induced hypothermia showed a statistically significant difference among the groups.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amina Zorlak-Čavčić, Muhamed Katica, Emina Dervišević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancing meat classification and veterinary training through 3D technology
The use of different distant learning methods in veterinary medicine has become more popular since the COVID-19 pandemic. Technologies such as virtual reality (VR), 3D models, video lectures, and other digital tools have enhanced the educational experience by enabling interactive 3D visualization, particularly in teaching anatomy and simulating clinical procedures. A crucial aspect of veterinary hygiene and public health is the accurate categorization of meat, a responsibility that lies with veterinary professionals. This classification is vital not only for regulatory compliance but also for combating food fraud - a persistent issue that undermines food safety, public health, and consumer trust. In light of frequent food fraud cases both locally and globally, it is essential for professionals and consumers alike to understand the distinguishing characteristics of various meat categories. This study aimed to assess the ability of twenty-five fourth-year veterinary students at University of Sarajevo to identify meat categories and describe muscle anatomy using three different teaching methods: traditional classroom learning, computer-based learning with 3D scanned models, and immersive VR. To support this goal, an innovative virtual resource “3DMeat” was developed using 3D scanning technology. The findings of this study indicate that technology-based learning tools, especially immersive and interactive approaches like VR and 3D visualization, can substantially improve student engagement and knowledge retention when learning complex topics such as meat categorization. This research also aimed to bridge the gap between professional, legally defined meat classifications and commonly used market terms by explaining the morphological and anatomical features of muscles associated with each category.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nejra Dučić, Faruk Tandir, Rizah Avdić, Kenan Čaklovica, Neira Fazlović, Anel Vejzović, Migena Gjoni Gündemir, Nedžad Hadžiomerović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monitoring changes in the eyes – The significance of the post-mortem interval in asphyxia
Post-mortem ocular changes, particularly those affecting the sclera, are valuable indicators in forensic pathology for the estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) and the evaluation of tissue decomposition. Previous studies have shown that dark scleral spots can appear within hours after death, influenced by eyelid position and environmental conditions. Our research aimed to examine how postmortem scleral changes progress over time and whether they are affected by environmental or physiological factors. Twelve Wistar rats were divided into four groups: K – control group, autopsy performed immediately after death (n=3); A – 24- hour postmortem interval (n=3); B – 48-hour interval (n=3); C - 72-hour interval (n=3). All rats died by asphyxia due to hanging. Temperature measured during the study included: antemortem core temperature, ambient temperature, postmortem core temperature, postmortem eye temperature, and eye temperature at autopsy. Each eye sample was examined macroscopically for corneal and scleral changes relative to the postmortem interval. Ambient temperature significantly influenced the postmortem body temperature of the rats. With increasing postmortem interval, ocular changes, such as corneal dryness and appearance of scleral spots, became more pronounced. This pilot study demonstrated that, despite anatomical differences from human cadavers, the Wistar rat model provides a reliable experimental framework for studying postmortem scleral changes and related temperature patterns. These findings can enhance forensic investigations and support future research on ocular indicators of the postmortem interval.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emina Dervišević, Edina Lazović, Layan Matar, Amina Zorlak-Čavčić, Hana Bašić, Muhamed Katica, Emina Kujundžić, Nadža Kapo, Francesco Sessa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monitoring of an orphaned Bosnian Mountain Horse foal: A one-year case study
This case report describes a foal of the Bosnian Mountain Horse (Equus ferus caballus) type, found in a cachectic and life-threatening condition in Eastern Bosnia, in April 2024. The foal, approximately two months old and orphaned, was adopted by local residents. It was fed a diet based on diluted cow’s milk, forage and concentrates, supplemented with minerals and vitamins. The foal was monitored until it reached one year of age. Morphometric measurements included front cannon girth, thorax girth, body length, height at withers, and height at croup. Despite non-standard feeding and care conditions, the foal showed progressive recovery and development comparable to healthy foals of the same breed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadža Kapo-Dolan, Ajla Ališah, Muhamed Katica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An assessment of cardiac histopathological changes in doxorubicin dose-dependent animal models
One effective anthracycline human chemotherapy drug that is frequently used to treat solid and haematological cancers is doxorubicin (DOX). The dose-dependent cardiotoxicity of some medications can result in irreversible heart failure, limiting their clinical utility. Understanding the pathophysiology and early detection of DOX-induced cardiac injury is made possible by animal models, especially rats, using acute models of DOX cardiotoxicity due to less time-consuming operations. The aim of this research is to determine a potential cardiotoxic DOX dose in gender-specific Wistar wild-type rats using light microscopy for evaluating morphological changes of the heart. Adult Wistar rats (n=10), including males (n=5) and females (n=5), were treated with doxorubicin intraperitoneal injection in different doses (25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) per male rat and female rat, respectively. Rats were sacrificed after 48 hours and 72 hours for the models of 25 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, while the rats of the 40 mg/kg model group were sacrificed 24 hours after. The myocardium of the left ventricle is analysed using a light microscope under magnifications of ten and twenty times. Male Wistar rats developed more pronounced morphological changes of the left ventricle compared to female Wistar rats, resulting in myocardial interstitial oedema and disorganisation of myocyte architecture. Male Wistar wild-type rats develop a more aggressive form of acute cardiotoxicity caused by doxorubicin compared to female Wistar wild-type rats.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rijad Jahić, Edina Lazović Salčin, Muhamed Katica, Almir Fajkić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preliminary checklist of ichthyofauna and marine mammals of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s coastal waters: A baseline for conservation, monitoring, and one health approaches
Bosnia and Herzegovina’s (B&H) limited coastal zone along the Adriatic Sea represents a unique and understudied marine ecosystem. This study presents the first structured preliminary inventory of marine fish and mammal species in the country’s territorial waters, compiling 110 species (106 fish, 4 marine mammals) from historical records, grey literature, and local knowledge sources. Using a standardized Observation Quality Index (OQI), species were categorized into high, medium, or low confidence tiers based on data quality criteria. The checklist identified 21 bony fish and three marine mammals with highconfidence presence, while most elasmobranchs (13 species) and bony fish (69 species) fell into the medium-confidence category, reflecting regional data scarcity and underreporting. The findings offer a critical biodiversity baseline for future research, marine conservation, and environmental management in the region. Moreover, the study highlights the value of integrating data quality assessment and the One Health approach, recognizing the interconnectedness of marine ecosystem health, biodiversity conservation, and human well-being. This inventory supports national and regional efforts to meet international biodiversity monitoring commitments and underscores the need for continued marine research and cross-border collaboration in the Adriatic Sea.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mirza Čelebičić, Adla Kahrić, Avdul Adrović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficiency of stable liquide chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) in sanitation of water distribution system in poultry production-synthesis of theoretical and experimental findings
Modern veterinary practice faces growing challenges in the field of biosecurity, especially in intensive livestock and poultry production. One of the most underestimated, yet critical, factors in maintaining the health status of animals is the quality of drinking water and the hygienic safety of the water distribution system. Although in everyday veterinary practice, the leading causes of health disorders are often attributed to diet, environmental factors, or genetic potential, numerous cases indicate that water is a key vector of microbial contamination, primarily through biofilm structures that form in internal water distribution systems. Due to the increasing incidence of resistant bacterial strains and the limited effectiveness of conventional disinfectants, such as chlorine, there is a growing need for new, safer, and more effective sanitation methods. Stabilised liquid chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) is emerging as a potent alternative to conventional agents. This paper represents a synthesis of experimental and review findings related to the use of stabilised liquid chlorine dioxide for the rehabilitation of the drinking system in laying hens suffering from colisepticemia. Through a case study of a farm with a recorded problem of systemic infection caused by Escherichia coli, the causes of contamination, remediation measures, as well as the effects achieved in terms of biofilm reduction, mortality and microbiological load of water were analyzed. Along with the case report, the paper analyzes and expands the context of the effectiveness of stabilised liquid chlorine dioxide, based on the literature and previous studies. Stabilised ClO₂, in contrast to its gaseous form, offers safer handling, a prolonged residual protection effect, and minimal toxicity. The paper emphasises the importance of microbiological control and improved sanitation of water supply systems in poultry production, and highlights stabilised liquid chlorine dioxide as a highly effective tool in the fight against biofilm and resistant bacterial strains.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ajla Ališah, Nadža Kapo-Dolan, Admir Pivić, Pamela Bejdić, Julijana Trifković, Abdulah Gagić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the hematological response to various therapeutic approaches in the management of open wounds: An experimental study in rodents
Hematological analyses are important in veterinary and human medicine for early detection of homeostatic changes and assessment of systemic responses to injury, stress, and therapy. In this study, the hematological response of Wistar rats with surgically induced wounds was analyzed following treatment with natural and synthetic therapeutic agents. Twenty-four healthy adult Wistar rats were randomized into six groups (n = 4): surgical control (C), gentamicin ointment (AB), Manuka honey MGO 250+ (MH1), Manuka honey MGO 550+ (MH2), chlorine dioxide (CL), and absolute control without incision and therapy (CC). After a standardized abdominal incision (except CC), treatments were applied twice daily for 7 days. On day 7, hematological parameters and peripheral blood smears were analyzed. Significant intergroup differences were found in WBC (p = 0.030), lymphocytes (p = 0.020), RBC (p = 0.002), MCV and MCH (p < 0.001), RDW-CV and RDW-SD (p < 0.001). Elevated estimated marginal means were most consistent in MH1, MH2, and CC, particularly for WBC, lymphocytes, RBC, and red cell indices, suggesting a more pronounced hematological response. Poikilocytosis was present in all groups, with annulocytes most prevalent (up to 6.01% in MH1), followed by dacryocytes and ovalocytes. The leukogram showed lymphocyte dominance in all groups, with the highest percentage in MH1 (65.75%), and the highest neutrophil percentage in AB (47.75%). This study provides insight into potential differences in the hematological response to natural and synthetic wound treatments in an animal model, and serves as a basis for further research into the biological safety and efficacy of the therapies used.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadža Kapo-Dolan, Nejira Kapo, Nedim Čović, Ajla Ališah, Muhamed Katica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Climate change and death investigation: Redefining experimental forensic science
One of the deadliest weather-related occurrences in the world is heat, and as climate change continues, heat-related mortality could rise sharply. According to The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change’s 2020 report, an additional 475 million heatwave incidents occurred worldwide in 2019, exposing vulnerable populations, which resulted in excess mortality and morbidity. The number of deaths from heatrelated causes among those over 65 has increased by 53.7% during the previous 20 years, with a total of 296,000 deaths in 2018. The burden of heat-related mortality linked to recent decades of human-induced climate change was the subject of another multinational investigation. Human health has already been impacted by climate change and will continue to be so through direct, indirect, and diffuse pathways. Heat-related risks may get worse or get better as a result of interactions between climate change and other trends including urbanization, population growth and aging, and socioeconomic development. High uncertainty among heat-related mortality predictors (such as human behaviour and adaptation) are frequently the cause of such large variations in heat mortality; in contrast, smaller estimations of adverse health effects are produced by slower future population increase and greater adaptability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emina Dervišević, Hajrudin Spahović, Amina Zorlak-Čavčić, Temima Ajanović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nanopore sequencing in veterinary health sciences: A review
In veterinary health, the ability to perform field-portable, real-time long-read sequencing, which is unattainable with traditional platforms, makes nanopore sequencing one of the most revolutionary tools. In recent years, the use of nanopore sequencing technology in veterinary medicine has gained significant attention focusing on pathogen detection, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling, livestock genetic identification, microbiome studies, and disease monitoring in wildlife and domesticated animals. Its usefulness in field diagnostics and outbreak response is invaluable in remote resource-limited region because it is portable and can deliver results in a short time. Despite the obstacles of higher error rates and the need for bioinformatics skills, chemistry, base calling algorithms, and workflow of nanopore sequencing are improving its precision and accessibility. In this paper, we review the existing literature on nanopore sequencing technology, its veterinary applications, advantages over other sequencing methods and propose integrated One Health strategies for the future. As presented in the review, technology offers prospective opportunities that could improve animal health, food safety, and monitoring of zoonotic threats in the context of humans, animals, and environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rana Muhammad Kamran Shabbir, Mansoor Hussain, Shaista Andlib, Nazeer Hussain, Emina Dervišević, Haroon Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2025 Admin Veterinaria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhamed Katica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Computed tomographic (CT) scan study of the anatomy of grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus, Temminck 1827): Preliminary observations
The grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) is an African rodent whose breeding has developed in part due to growing scientific interest. This work is to investigate the internal anatomy of grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) using computed tomography (CT scan). Six grasscutters with an average age of 345 ± 45.63 days and varying sexes and weights, underwent general anesthesia with a ketamine, xylazine mixture and were then subjected to CT scan examination. Volumetric acquisitions were obtained and reconstructed using specific filters: “thoracic or pulmonary tissue,” “abdominal tissue,” and “bone tissue.” Within the thoracic cavity, structures such as the trachea, bronchi, lungs, esophagus, heart, and aorta were identified. In the abdominal cavity, the liver was observed extending transversely from left to right. The stomach, which contained mineral content, as well as the spleen, were clearly identified. The kidneys were also visible, with the left kidney located more cranially than the right. The urinary bladder was identifiable depending on its degree of filling. These same organs have previously been described in rabbits, lemurs, and guinea pigs through CT imaging, supporting comparative anatomical analyses. However, the ureters could not be visualized on the current images. This study represents the first CT scan–based anatomical investigation of the grasscutter and offers valuable insights for applied research in health of this species.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aklesso Ataba; Claude Guintard, Mazamaesso Tchaou (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationships between some fertility and milk production characteristics in Holstein Friesian cattle
This study investigated the relationships between key fertility and milk production traits in 582 Holstein Friesian cows over a five-year period on a commercial farm in Malkara, Thrace. A total of 1,305 lactation and reproductive records were screened for consistency, with invalid entries excluded. Milk yield parameters -lactation duration; total and standardized 305-day yield; dry period; peak production day; and peak yield- were recorded alongside fertility metrics including age at first insemination, age at first conception and calving, calving interval, inseminations per conception, days open, and parity. Traits were categorized according to lactation number, calving year and season, and production level (Tables 1–2). Persistency indices (P2:1, P3:1, P3:2) were calculated for the 0–100, 100–200, and 200–300 day intervals using established formulas. Statistical analyses employed General Linear Models (GLM) to estimate least squares means and Duncan’s multiple range test for subgroup comparisons. Pearson correlation and simple regression assessed trait interdependencies, assuming no significant factor interactions. Results demonstrated that cows averaged 2.29 inseminations per conception and exhibited a mean calving interval of 395.06 days (range 337.53–508.40 days). Lactation milk yield averaged 8,508.84 kg (range 5,942.46–13,037.57 kg). Analysis of variance revealed that calving interval, lactation duration, age at first calving, days open, and insemination number all had highly significant effects on milk yield (P<0.001), with parity significant at P<0.01. The strongest correlations with milk yield were lactation duration (r = 0.783) and calving interval (r = 0.649), whereas peak day and age at first calving showed negligible associations. These findings underscore the intertwined nature of reproductive efficiency and milk production, highlighting the need for integrated genetic and management strategies to optimize herd performance and sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Konçe S. Çağatay , Nurşen Öztürk, Kılıç H. İbrahim , Babakıray Tilbe, Tırlı Zeynep, Koçak Ömür, Güneş Halil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterization and antimicrobial resistance of vaginal microbiota in mares from Lagos and Oyo States, Nigeria
Despite the importance of microbiota in mammalian reproductive health, research on equine vaginal microbiota remains limited, particularly in tropical regions. The composition of mares’ vaginal microbiota in Lagos and Oyo States, Nigeria is undocumented. Microbiota profiles are essential for developing effective reproductive health management strategies. We aim to characterize vaginal microbiota composition and determine antimicrobial resistance profiles of isolated bacteria in mares from Lagos and Oyo States, Nigeria. Vaginal swabs from 81 apparently healthy mares, comprising Nigerian indigenous breeds, Sudanese breeds, and Argentine Polo Ponies, were collected using sterile guarded culture swabs. Samples underwent bacterial isolation on selective and differential media including Trypticase soy, Mannitol salt, Eosine methylene blue, Muller-Hinton, Salmonella-shigella, and MacConkey agar. Bacterial identification involved morphological and biochemical tests including oxidase, catalase, motility, Gam staining, and sugar fermentation. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested against 18 antimicrobials using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following CLSI standards. Analysis revealed distinct bacterial distribution patterns between locations. Of 81 samples, Staphylococcus aureus dominated (58.0%), while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis each represented 1.2%, 30.9% showed no growth. Biochemical characterization demonstrated typical profiles for each species. S. aureus showed complete sensitivity to imipenem and streptomycin but resistance to cefuroxime, penicillin-streptomycin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and metronidazole. P. aeruginosa was sensitive to clindamycin and imipenem while resistant to most other antibiotics. Given the high presence of drug-resistant S. aureus, veterinarians should prioritize aminoglycosides and carbapenems for treating mare vaginal infections, using other antibiotics only with susceptibility testing guidance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dideolu Osunkoya, Olayinka Anifowose, Linda Omosekeji, Olumide Akinniyi, Moyinoluwa Onaja, Tolulope Olakojo, Olamilekan Banwo, Taiwo Lawal, Oluwatoyin Ajala https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the impact of season and breeding area on blood parameters in Pramenka sheep exposed to thermal stress conditions
This study aimed to investigate seasonal variations in blood parameters of two Pramenka sheep strains, Dubska and Hercegovacka, across and within four areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina, under thermal stress conditions. It included 48 sheep from Vlasic and Kupres (breeding areas of the Dubska strain), and Nevesinje and Podvelezje (breeding areas of the Hercegovacka strain). The investigation was conducted across both summer and winter seasons, encompassing a total of eight herds (two per area). Hematological parameters included erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelet counts, mean platelet volume (MPV), the total count of granulocytic and agranulocytic leukocytes, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and erythrocyte parameters (MCV, MCH and MCHC). Biochemical analyses covered total bilirubin (TB), total cholesterol (TC), glucose (GLU), urea (UREA), creatinine (CRE), creatine kinase (CK), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), proteins, liver enzymes and electrolytes. Results revealed significantly higher values of red blood cell parameters (Hb, MCH, MCHC) during the summer period in the area of Nevesinje (P<0.05) compared to the Podvelezje area. Additionally, it’s important to emphasize significantly increased levels of basophils during the summer season across all areas, except for Vlasic, when compared to the winter season (P<0.05). Furthermore, the amounts of total proteins, albumin and globulin were significantly increased (P<0.05) in all areas during the summer compared to winter. The study findings underscore the substantial influence of the breeding area, encompassing its geological composition, spatial distribution, and land cover, on specific blood parameters investigated by sheep during periods characterized by adverse temperature conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Husein Ohran, Amra Softić, Kenan Baltić, Vinko Batinić, Ivona Alilović, Muamer Obhođaš, Lejla Šatrović, Aida Hodžić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A preliminary survey of the nutrition and health of German pet rabbits
This survey aimed to investigate the nutrition and health of German pet rabbits. The questionnaire yielded 82 responses (n = 57 online and n = 25 in-person interviews). Most rabbits were ≥7 years old (32.9%), followed by 3-4 years old (30.5%). The sex ratio was almost 50-50%, and most rabbits were neutered (65.8%). Complete pelleted feed was the most fed concentrate (71.9%) followed by muesli-type mixed feed (11.0%). Most of the rabbits had ad libitum access to hay (95.1%) and received fresh vegetables once a day (45.1%). Some forms of dental disorders were reported in 26 (31.7%) rabbits and mostly on the cheek teeth (20.6%) compared with front teeth (9.5%) or both (3.2%). Of the other diseases and symptoms epiphora (n=12, 13.3%), obesity (n=8, 9.7%), and weight loss (n=7, 7.8%) were the most common. Fisher's exact test did not show a significant association between age (≤ 4 years old, > 4 years old), breed (dwarf or other), sex (male or female) and the number of diagnosed health problems (≤ 3 or more) and forms of diseases or symptoms. Also, the incidence of obesity was not higher in neutered rabbits. The nutrition of the rabbits was reported to be of a high standard. As a limitation of the survey data might show a bias towards committed rabbit owners.
Copyright (c) 2025 Melina Berger, Nikoletta Hetényi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
First report of bovine trypanosomiasis in the Kashmir Valley: Therapeutic approach
Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan disease of major economic importance in livestock worldwide, but it has not been documented in the high-altitude, temperate climate of Kashmir, India. This article reports the first confirmed case of trypanosomiasis in non-descript cattle from the Kashmir Valley. A two-year old female non-descript cow in the first trimester of pregnancy was presented with a history of weakness, infestation of ticks, anorexia, haematochezia, unilateral epistaxis and pica to the Division of Veterinary Clinical complex, FVSc & AH for the treatment. Clinical examination revealed hypothermia, white mucous membrane, enlarged prescapular lymph nodes, tachycardia, respiratory distress and hyper salivation. Haematological analysis revealed very low haemoglobin content and on blood smear examination Trypanosoma evansi organisms were identified which was further confirmed through presence of Trypanosoma evansi tryps in the lymph node aspirate. Blood transfusion was done with whole blood immediately and then Inj. diminazene aceturate @ 5 mg/kg intramuscularly was given which was repeated on 5th day. After 5 days haemantinics were also given. The animal showed clear signs of recovery after blood transfusion. This constitutes the first case of surra in the Kashmir Valley, highlighting the parasite’s expansion into the temperate region of the country and marking a critical observation for veterinary practitioners in the region. Future work is needed to identify the vector and possible reservoirs to prevent the spread of the disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Riyaz Ahmed Bhat, Amatul Muhee, Mohd Iqbal Yatoo; Shaista Manzoor (Author); Alisa Shafi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effects of oral serratiopeptidase administration on motor activity, exploratory behavior, and seizure susceptibility in mice
This study investigated the effects of orally administered serratiopeptidase on motor activity, coordination, exploratory behavior and anticonvulsant potential against pilocarpine induced seizure model in mice. Male Swiss albino mice (n=8per group) at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg via oral gavage for a period of 15 days. A control group received an equivalent volume of distilled water. Motor activity was assessed using the open field test, with horizontal activity (number of squares crossed) and vertical activity (number of rearing) were recorded. Motor coordination and exploratory behavior were evaluated using negative geotaxis and a head-pocking test. Then mice were intraperitoneally administered with (200mg/kg) of pilocarpine. The onset of convulsion, number of convulsions and survival rate were assessed. Diazepam (1mg/kg) served as positive control. The results demonstrated an increase in both horizontal and vertical activity in all serratiopeptidase-treated groups compared to the control group. Improvements were also observed in negative geotaxis and head-pocking tests, suggesting enhanced motor coordination and exploration. Serratiopeptidase significantly delayed the onset of convulsions and reduced the number of seizures compared to the negative control. The 10 and 20 mg/kg doses of serratiopeptidase demonstrated comparable efficacy to diazepam in reducing seizure severity and improving survival. These findings suggest that oral suggest that oral administration of serratiopeptidase may positively modulate motor function in mice, furthermore serratiopeptidase possesses anticonvulsant properties and may be a potential therapeutic agent for seizure disorder. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the exact mechanism of action and to explore the translational relevance of these findings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Younes Masoud Abdul hameed , Ahmed Naser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The estrous cycle in bitches: Mechanisms, influencing factors, and clinical relevance
The estrous cycle of female dogs is a complex, hormonally regulated process comprising proestrus, estrus, diestrus, and anestrus. Its variability is influenced by breed-specific genetics, environmental factors, and microbial dynamics within the reproductive tract. Methods of estrus determination, including vaginal cytology, hormonal assays, ultrasonography, and thermography, remain integral to reproductive management, while emerging artificial intelligence-based approaches offer novel advancements in cycle prediction and monitoring. Despite extensive research on hormonal mechanisms, significant gaps remain in understanding the interplay between endocrine regulation, microbial colonization, and genetic predisposition in cycle variability. The use of hormonal contraceptives and gonadectomy introduces long-term physiological alterations, including chronic luteinizing hormone elevation, which has been linked to metabolic disorders, orthopedic complications, and neoplasia. Additionally, microbial influences on reproductive health, particularly the role of vaginal and uterine microbiota in fertility and disease susceptibility, require further investigation. The prolonged anestrus phase in canines poses a significant challenge for assisted reproductive technologies, limiting the efficacy of artificial insemination and embryo transfer. This review critically examines current methodologies for estrus cycle determination, explores factors contributing to interindividual variability, and evaluates the long-term implications of reproductive interventions on fertility and overall canine health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alan Maksimović, Bianca Pehar, Selma Filipović, Benjamin Čengić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preliminary results of radionuclide monitoring and risk assessment for biota in the marine ecosystem of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The purpose of this paper is to provide an example of radioecological monitoring using the Mytilus galloprovincialis L. as an indicator organism, following the example of many Mussel Watch monitoring programs in the world. Using gamma spectrometric measurements and ERICA software for risk assessment, we offer the first results in a radioecological sense for the marine ecosystem of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Organisms that are at risk of manifesting the effects of higher radionuclide activities are birds, mammals, phytoplankton and reptiles. The highest risk coefficient of 5.73E+01 is for phytoplankton. If 5 kg of mussels are consumed by humans on an annual level, observed radionuclides would produce an effective dose of 25.6 μSv/a.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mirza Čelebičić, Nejra Karaman, Nedim Mujić, Avdul Adrović, Nedžad Gradaščević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0