Veterinaria is an international open access journal of veterinary research that publishes original papers and reviews on a wide range of veterinary topics. Research Article, Short Communication, Case Report, Review Article, and Letter to Editor are subject to peer review. Articles should be written in the English language. As of July 2024, the journal has expanded its scope to include research on environmental health, environmental management, environmental protection, and ecology, reflecting its commitment to addressing the interconnectedness of veterinary and environmental sciences. Other type of paper (professional papers, book reviews, student papers, news, reports, comments…) should be written in the English or Bosnian language and they are published at the discretion of the Editor (non peer reviewed articles). Veterinaria is the official journal of the University of Sarajevo - Veterinary faculty, and has been published since 1951.
University of Sarajevo - Veterinary faculty
The dog as a patient rather than an experimental animal in cancer treatment: Implications for comparative oncology and translational medicine
Comparative oncology leverages spontaneously occurring canine malignancies as robust bidirectional models to bridge the translational gap between preclinical laboratory discoveries and human clinical applications. Unlike conventional genetically uniform rodent models, which often fail to capture natural tumor dynamics, companion dogs develop cancers within an intact, co-evolved immune system and a shared anthropogenic environment. This comprehensive review examines the deep histopathological, genomic, and molecular homologies shared between canine and human neoplasms, with particular emphasis on aggressive entities such as osteosarcoma, malignant melanoma, mammary carcinoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. High-throughput sequencing confirms mutual somatic driver mutations and identical signaling pathway aberrations (e.g., TP53, HER2, and PTEN), substantially increasing translational predictability. Furthermore, companion dogs act as important environmental sentinels for shared ecological carcinogens and provide an accelerated clinical timeline due to their compressed lifespans. Integrating veterinary clinical trials into drug development timelines enables the realistic evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, systemic toxicities, and immune-mediated resistances without compromising animal welfare. Recent advancements in experimental therapeutics, particularly Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)-based oncolytic virotherapy using the ZG1999HDS strain, underscore the immense clinical and immunological potential of comparative frameworks. Although challenges regarding international trial standardization and cross-species regulatory frameworks persist, the companion canine model represents an irreplaceable, ethically sound foundation within the modern “One Health” paradigm, driving parallel medical breakthroughs that directly benefit both human and veterinary oncology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hrvoje Mazija, Siniša Ivanković, Bratko Filipič https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Motive lova s psima na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH) nalazimo na stećcima sredinom srednjeg vijeka. Kao dokaz ove tvrdnje je naša autohtona rasa lovnih pasa - bosanski oštrodlaki gonič - barak. Lovna kinologija, iako zanemarena na ovim prostorima, je dio oficijelne kinologije koja je organizirana u svijetu putem međunarodnih kinoloških federacija, a BiH je u sastavu FCI (Fédération Cynologique Internationale). Autori su u ovom radu poseban značaj posvetili bosanskom oštrodlakom goniču - baraku, zatim drugim lovnim psima s akcentom na selekciju, obuku i upotrebu u skladu sa zakonskim odredbama Bosne i Hercegovine. Selekcija, obuka i upotreba goniča i drugih lovnih pasmina pasa je vrlo kompleksna i zahtijeva kontinuiran angažman lovaca.
Copyright (c) 2026 Džehva Taljić, Alen Salkić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antimikrobna rezistencija u veterinarskoj medicini: Uloga prakse i strategije kontrole
Antimikrobna rezistencija (AMR) predstavlja sposobnost mikroorganizama (bakterija, virusa, gljivica i parazita) da prežive ili se razmnožavaju u prisustvu antimikrobnog lijeka koji bi ih inače inhibirao ili uništio. AMR je danas ozbiljan globalni javnozdravstveni i ekonomski problem u humanoj i veterinarskoj medicini. Nastaje usljed nepravilne, dugotrajne i intenzivne primjene antimikrobnih lijekova, uključujući profilaktičku primjenu, kao i primjenu subterapijskih doza, što omogućava selekciju bakterija otpornih na ove lijekove. Patogeni od kliničkog značaja u veterinarskoj medicini uključuju Gram-negativne (Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. i Pseudomonas aeruginosa) i Gram-pozitivne bakterije (Staphylococcus spp. i Enterococcus spp.), koje izazivaju infekcije kod životinja i predstavljaju zoonotski rizik. Rezistencija može biti prirodna ili stečena. Stečena rezistencija razvija se pod selekcijskim pritiskom antibakterijskih lijekova i širi se horizontalnim ili vertikalnim prenosom gena. Ključni mehanizmi uključuju enzimsku inaktivaciju, modifikaciju ciljnog mjesta, promjene propusnosti membrane, efluksne pumpe i zaobilaženje metaboličkih puteva. Horizontalni prenos je glavni mehanizam širenja multirezistentnosti (MDR, XDR, PDR), često uz unakrsnu rezistenciju. Prevencija i kontrola AMR temelji se na racionalnoj upotrebi antibakterijskih lijekova, mikrobiološkoj dijagnostici i antibiogramu, ograničenju kritično važnih lijekova, edukaciji i primjeni “Jedno zdravlje (One Health)” pristupa te nadzoru potrošnje kroz DDDvet i ESVAC sisteme. Dodatno, poštivanje MDK i karence u hrani životinjskog porijekla predstavlja važan segment zaštite javnog zdravlja i kontrole izloženosti ostacima lijekova. Alternativne metode, uključujući vakcinaciju, probiotike, bakteriofage i molekularne dijagnostičke metode, doprinose smanjenju upotrebe antibakterijskih lijekova i širenja AMR. Efikasna implementacija ovih strategija omogućava očuvanje terapijske efikasnosti i smanjenje prenosa rezistentnih bakterija sa životinja na ljude.
racionalna upotreba antimikrobnih lijekova
Copyright (c) 2026 Indira Mujezinović, Muhamed Smajlović, Enida Članjak-Kudra, Vitomir Ćupić, Ahmed Smajlovic https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Temporal alterations in plasma oxidative stress and antioxidant defence in experimentally induced hypothyroid and hyperthyroid rats
The plasma oxidant-antioxidant response to chronic hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism was evaluated in rats across three cross-sectional sampling points. Forty-nine male Wistar rats were used. Seven were sampled on day 0 to establish baseline values, and the remaining 42 received standard drinking water (control), 0.05% propylthiouracil (PTU), or 0.0012% L-thyroxine (L-T4) for six weeks (n = 14 per group). Blood was sampled on day 0 (baseline), week 3, and week 6 for serum thyroid hormones (TSH, TT3, TT4, fT3, fT4) and plasma TBARS, NO, 8-OHdG, SOD, catalase (CAT), GSH-Px, total glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant status (TAS). Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test. Hormone profiles confirmed model induction. Body weight decreased in both treatment groups by week 6, with hypophagia in hypothyroid and hyperphagia in hyperthyroid rats (p < 0.001). Plasma TBARS levels increased in both states and peaked in hypothyroid rats at week 6. Plasma NO levels decreased at week 3 and remained suppressed in hyperthyroid rats. 8-OHdG was unchanged. SOD increased in both treatment groups, while CAT showed a non-significant elevation trend in hypothyroid rats at week 6. GSH-Px and GSH were lowest in hypothyroid rats. TAS declined over time in both treatment groups. Both dysthyroid states drive sustained plasma lipid peroxidation with partial antioxidant compensation. The persistent NO reduction in hyperthyroidism suggests early vascular vulnerability warranting further study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sinan Kandir, Tufan Keçeci https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
First record of the pipefish Syngnathus typhle (Linnaeus, 1758) (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The present study reports the first record of the broadnosed pipefish, Syngnathus typhle (Linnaeus, 1758), in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The specimen was observed at a depth of approximately 40 cm within a Cymodocea nodosa meadow over a muddy–sandy substrate in Neum Bay. The individual exhibited pronounced cryptic behavior, showing crypsis through morphological and behavioral mimicry of seagrass leaves, maintaining an inverted posture and closely aligning with surrounding vegetation. The specimen was documented using photography and was briefly handled in situ without being removed from the water. The observed individual was a brooding male, carrying eggs within the ventral brood pouch. This finding extends the known distribution of S. typhle in the Adriatic Sea and highlights the importance of continued field surveys in the relatively understudied coastal waters of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mirza Čelebičić, Adla Kahrić, Avdul Adrović, Dejan Kulijer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Estimation of body weight using testicular traits of bucks: A systematic review
Understanding how body weight relates to reproductive traits in goats is important for improving breeding practices and farm productivity. This review looks at existing research on the relationship between body weight and key reproductive traits, such as scrotal circumference, testicular length, and testicular diameter in goats. Databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were systematically evaluated, and a total of 650 articles were retrieved. After screening, a total of nineteen (n = 19) eligible articles were selected for an in-depth analysis. These studies were published between 1992 and 2024, with 26% (n = 5) originating from India. The systematic review highlights significant variations in methodologies employed, including predictive models and regression analyses. The result indicated that simple linear regression model was mostly used in predicting body weight with 21% (n = 4) of the articles included. The findings showed that the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.88) was recorded on scrotal circumference using simple linear regression model on goats. These findings indicate a strong correlation between body weight and testicular traits, making these models highly reliable for estimating body weight. The findings of this systematic review suggest that scrotal circumference is a reliable indicator of body weight in goats. The findings of this study can be used to assist farmers with limited resources to select bucks for breeding purpose and improving their body weight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paiyane Faith Molekwa, Ledimo Faith Makgopa, Trudy Lebo Rashijane, Lebogang Emily Mokubedi, Abigail Mmapaseka Phaladi, Madumetja Cyril Mathapo, Thobela Tyasi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Intra-articular platelet-rich plasma for advanced carpometacarpal osteoarthritis in an Arabian horse: Long-term clinical outcome
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease in horses, characterized by cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and progressive lameness. Intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (IA- PRP) therapy has emerged as a promising regenerative treatment, aimed at promoting cartilage repair and reducing inflammation through growth factor release. A 10-year-old Arabian stallion presented with acute carpal lameness, graded 3/5 on the AAEP scale. Initial treatment with phenylbutazone and intra-articular corticosteroid (IA- GCs) injection resulted in temporary improvement, however lameness progressed to grade 5/5. Due to failure of conventional therapy and the inability to pursue further referral, IA- PRP therapy was initiated. The treatment protocol consisted of four IA-PRP injections administered at two-week intervals, followed by a prophylactic booster (fifth IA-PRP injection) six months after the fourth treatment. PRP was prepared using a double-spin centrifugation protocol. Early improvement was observed after PRP initiation, allowing NSAID discontinuation. Lameness progressively improved to near-normal function, with no recurrence of pain or gait abnormalities at the 18-month follow-up. This case highlights the potential of IA-PRP therapy as a steroid-sparing treatment option in the management of equine osteoarthritis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nermina Spahija, Bora Jovanović, Muamer Obhođaš, Aida Glavinić, Soraja Kučlar Muftić, Alan Maksimović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinical application of dog-assisted therapy – benefits for patients, healthcare professionals, and dogs: A review article
A significant number of recent studies confirm the application of dogassisted therapy in healthcare institutions. Dog-assisted therapy, as part of animal-assisted therapy (AAT), is increasingly gaining importance in clinical practice, both in working with patients and in supporting healthcare professionals. This systematic review analyzes 20 studies published between 2025 and 2026, with a focus on dog-assisted interventions in healthcare institutions involving various populations. The search was conducted in the PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases. The selection process followed the PRISMA methodology: identification (n = 105), screening (n = 91), eligibility assessment (n = 36), and final inclusion (n = 20). Included studies involved children with autism (n = 4), children and adolescents (n = 1), oncology patients (n = 2), elderly patients (n = 3), individuals with mental health disorders (n = 2), healthcare professionals (n = 3), the general population (n = 3), and specific categories such as palliative care, chronic pain, cardiovascular rehabilitation, and special education (n = 2). The results show that dog-assisted therapy contributes to reduced stress and anxiety, improved emotional regulation, enhanced social skills, and better quality of life across different age groups. Among healthcare professionals, dog-assisted interventions were associated with reduced burnout and increased psychological resilience. Dog-assisted therapy has a significant positive effect on patients and healthcare professionals, with the need for further research and integration into multidisciplinary teams. In the context of Bosnia and Herzegovina, this form of therapy is underdeveloped, and no studies were identified in internationally indexed databases, indicating a research gap and the need for further development and implementation of this method in the healthcare system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amina Lučkin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The AST to platelet ratio index is a predictor of pleural effusion development in acute pancreatitis
Pleural effusion is a common extra pancreatic complication of acute pancreatitis and is associated with a more severe clinical course and poorer outcomes. Early identification of patients at risk remains clinically important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of non-invasive liver fibrosis indices for the development of pleural effusion in patients with acute pancreatitis. This retrospective single-centre observational study included 97 patients hospitalised with acute pancreatitis. Laboratory parameters obtained at admission were used to calculate several liver fibrosis indices, including APRI, AARPRI, FIB-4, ALBI, ABAI, GPR, APP, and FIS. The presence of pleural effusion was assessed using chest radiography. Comparative analysis demonstrated that ABAI, AARPRI, ALBI, APRI, FIS, and FIB-4 were significantly associated with pleural effusion. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed the highest discriminative ability for ALBI (AUC 0.707), followed by ABAI (AUC 0.695) and APRI (AUC 0.650). In univariate logistic regression, ALBI, FIS, and APRI were significant predictors of pleural effusion, whereas in multivariate analysis only APRI remained an independent predictor (OR 3.677, p=0.047). These findings indicate that non-invasive liver fibrosis indices, particularly APRI, may serve as simple and accessible biomarkers for early prediction of pleural effusion in patients with acute pancreatitis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rijad Jahić, Azra Husić, Amina Al-Tawil, Nerma Čuštović, Nadža Zubčević, Nedim Vanis, Maida Šahinović, Orhan Lepara, Almir Fajkić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Haematological and cytokine responses of Arbor Acre broilers and two Nigerian indigenous chicken genotypes to experimental Eimeria tenella infection
Genetic background influences host responses to avian coccidiosis; however, comparative pathological and immune-haematological data for Nigerian indigenous chickens remain limited. This study investigated mortality, haematological alterations, and systemic interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) responses following experimental Eimeria tenella infection in Arbor Acre broiler, frizzle-feathered, and normal-feathered chickens. Ninety-day-old chicks (n = 30 per genotype) were reared under controlled conditions and confirmed coccidia-free at 19 days of age. Birds were allocated to infected (n = 15 per genotype) and uninfected control groups (n = 15 per genotype). Clinical signs and mortality were monitored, while haematological indices and serum cytokine levels were assessed at 5, 7, and 10 days post-infection (dpi). Mortality was highest in Arbor Acre broilers (40.0%), intermediate in the Normal feathered (26.67%) and lowest in the Frizzle-feathered (20.0%) chickens. Infection induced significant reductions in packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and red blood cell counts, most pronounced at 7 dpi, consistent with haemorrhagic anaemia, with the most severe changes observed in broilers. Total white blood cell and heterophil counts increased across genotypes, indicating a systemic inflammatory response. Serum IFN-γ and IL-10 concentrations were significantly elevated in infected birds at all sampling points but did not differ among genotypes. These findings suggest that genotype-dependent differences in E. tenella infection are expressed primarily through mortality and haematological pathology rather than systemic IFN-γ or IL-10 responses. The lower mortality and less pronounced haematological alterations observed in Nigerian indigenous chickens may indicate a greater degree of tolerance to caecal coccidiosis, although further studies are required to confirm the mechanisms underlying this response. Further studies incorporating caecal histopathology, local cytokine expression, and genetic analyses are recommended to clarify mechanisms underlying genotype-related variation in disease outcome.
Copyright (c) 2026 Geado Agishi; Sunday Blessing Oladele, Isa Danladi Jatau, James Enam Samson (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular characterisation of Cysticercus tenuicollis (Taenia hydatigena cysts) in goats in Ibadan, Nigeria
Cysticercus tenuicollis, the larval stage of Taenia hydatigena, is a common cause of cysticercosis associated with economic losses in small ruminants. Despite its wide distribution, molecular data on Nigerian T. hydatigena, particularly from Cysticercus tenuicollis, remain limited. This study aimed to molecularly characterize T. hydatigena from C. tenuicollis isolates recovered from goats slaughtered in southwestern Nigeria using mitochondrial gene markers. C. tenuicollis cysts were collected from slaughtered goats and subjected to DNA extraction followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) and 12S ribosomal RNA (12S rRNA) genes. All samples yielded successful amplification for both genes. Sequence analysis confirmed all isolates as T. hydatigena, showing high nucleotide similarity with reference sequences from GenBank (98.2–99.1% for COX1 and 97.3–98.9% for 12S rRNA). Nucleotide diversity was low across isolates for both markers, indicating limited intraspecific variation. Phylogenetic analysis using the Neighbor-Joining method revealed that Nigerian isolates clustered within the global T. hydatigena clade and were closely related to isolates from Europe, Asia, and North Africa. No distinct regional lineage was observed. Minor differences in tree topology between COX1- and 12S rRNA-based phylogenies were consistent with marker-specific evolutionary characteristics. Overall, this study confirms the identity and phylogenetic placement of T. hydatigena infecting goats in southwestern Nigeria, revealing close genetic similarity to global isolates. The mitochondrial sequences support dog–livestock transmission, provide a reference for future taeniid epidemiological studies, and establish baseline genetic data to inform evidence-based control strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akinkunmi O. Idowu, Olamilekan Gabriel Banwo, Olalekan T. Jeremiah, Olusegun A. Fagbohun, Michael I. Takeet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of ruminal impaction syndrome on ruminant livestock productivity: Evaluation of protocols for rapid diagnosis and treatment
Ruminal impaction syndrome (RIS) is an emerging, severe, and potentially fatal gastrointestinal disorder affecting ruminants in urban, semi-urban and peri-urban settlements, with increasing spread into rural communities in developing regions. RIS arises from ingestion of indigestible objects that accumulate in the rumen and obstruct the flow of ingesta through the lower digestive tract; resulting in severe impaction, indigestion, persistent tympany, protracted morbidity, lethargy, and, in severe cases, death. Additionally, RIS results in animal losses, reduced milk and meat production, and costly, often ineffective treatments. Moreover, RIS exhibits a high prevalence propagated via a vicious cycle. Definitive diagnosis and treatment often rely on exploratory rumenotomy. Affected animals are frequently presented in a terminal condition, limiting therapeutic options. Surgical outcomes are often poor and are commonly associated with postoperative complications. Furthermore, microplastics, nanoplastics, xenobiotic chemicals and heavy metals leach into ruminal fluid, bioaccumulate in tissues and enter food chain through milk and meat products to exert detrimental toxic effects in animals and humans. Despite its high incidence and severe strain on economy and animal health, there are no established government regulations or standardized guidelines governing the diagnosis and treatment of RIS, making it a major yet neglected disorder that is often managed empirically by veterinarians. Integrating rumenoscopy alongside nanotechnology, diagnostic markers and modified abdominal ballottement technique can advance accurate diagnosis, while therapeutic laparoscopy may facilitate prompt treatment. This review evaluates the profound impact of RIS on the health and productivity of ruminant livestock. Ultimately, it aims to establish effective diagnostic pathways and therapeutic protocols that can be adopted by veterinarians and policymakers to restore livestock health, improve animal welfare, and ensure sustainable productivity of ruminant livestock systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paul Bokko; Aliyu Haruna, Dauda Laku, Ali Abba Mutah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cardiomyopathies in veterinary medicine: A comprehensive review across canine, feline, and equine species
Cardiomyopathies constitute a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and performance limitation across veterinary species. Although the overarching concept of myocardial disease spans veterinary and human medicine, its phenotype, clinical consequences, diagnostic pathways, and therapeutic strategies differ substantially between dogs, cats, and horses. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM/ARVC) dominate in predisposed dog breeds and reflect a combination of heritable, nutritional, and metabolic influences. Feline cardiomyopathy is overwhelmingly defined by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a disease shaped by diastolic dysfunction, left atrial enlargement, and risk of arterial thromboembolism (ATE). Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), though less common, carries a particularly poor prognosis due to its severe impairment of diastolic filling. In horses, clinically significant cardiomyopathies are predominantly acquired, often arising from myocarditis, systemic disease, or maladaptive athletic remodeling associated with high-performance training. Performance decline, exercise-induced arrhythmias, or poor recovery rather than overt heart failure often herald equine myocardial disease. Diagnosis across species is anchored in echocardiography, supported by electrocardiography, Holter monitoring, and cardiac biomarkers such as troponin and NT-proBNP. Therapeutic approaches range from evidence-based interventions—such as pimobendan in preclinical canine DCM and clopidogrel for feline ATE prophylaxis—to largely empirical management of equine myocarditis and arrhythmia. Early identification of high-risk patients, understanding species-specific disease trajectories, and recognizing which interventions meaningfully alter prognosis are central to improving long-term outcomes. This review synthesizes current knowledge regarding the biology, clinical expression, diagnostic evaluation, and evidence-supported treatment of cardiomyopathies in dogs, cats, and horses. Emphasis is placed on practical clinical decision-making, early recognition, and integration of species-specific considerations important for general practitioners, cardiologists, and equine performance clinicians.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jasmin Čaluk, Ermin Šaljić, Selma Čaluk, Aida Bešić, Belkisa Izić, Muhamed Katica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Renal alterations after single application of dinuclear ruthenium(II) Schiff-base complex in Swiss albino mice
Ruthenium complexes represent a relatively new generation of metal-based substances that are increasingly investigated as potential chemotherapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the extent of injury of a single dose of a dinuclear ruthenium(II) Schiff-base complex on mouse kidneys using stereological and morphometric approaches. Adult (8–10 weeks old) Swiss albino mice of both sexes were used. Two experimental groups received intraperitoneal injections of the dinuclear ruthenium(II) Schiff-base complex at doses of 25 mg/kg and 175 mg/kg, respectively, while the control group received vehicle (DMSO) only. After a 14-day observation period, animals were sacrificed, and both kidneys were excised for gross measurements (mass and volume) and histological processing. Quantitative and qualitative light microscopy analyses were performed, and the results were statistically evaluated. Low-dose treatment resulted in increased kidney volume, enlargement of renal corpuscles and Bowman’s spaces, and tubular dilation compared to controls. In contrast, high-dose treatment induced decreased kidney mass, reduced corpuscular and tubular parameters, and increased tubular cellularity relative to both the low-dose and control groups. Also, high-dose exposure was associated with a higher incidence of atypical tubules. Treatment with a low dose of the ruthenium complex induced mild, potentially reversible alterations in renal corpuscles and proximal tubules, whereas high-dose exposure caused atrophic and possibly irreversible changes, suggesting dose-dependent nephrotoxicity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samra Čustović, Višnja Muzika, Dina Kapić, Esad Ćosović, Maida Šahinović, Adnan Zahirović, Emira Kahrović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Craniometrical characteristics of the Uda and Yankasa breeds of sheep (Ovis aries)
This study aimed to examine and compare the skull osteometric characteristic of the Uda and Yankasa breeds of sheep. A total of 10 skulls of indigenous sheep breeds, comprising five Uda and five Yankasa rams aged between 12 and 18 months, were used for this study. The samples were obtained from Bauchi Metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria and transported to the Gross Anatomy laboratory, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, for bone processing. The bones were processed using hot water maceration and soft tissue removal techniques. About 39 cranial and mandibular measurements were identified. Comparative analysis of dorsal, caudal, ventral, lateral, and mandibular parameters revealed no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between Uda and Yankasa breeds across most measurements. Osteometric findings revealed that viscerocranial length parameters such as INL, VCrL, NL, IOL, MDL, and IISL were slightly higher in Yankasa than Uda. However, neurocranial length-related parameters such as NCrL, ChL, and HPL were slightly higher in Uda than Yankasa. Yankasa also exhibited wider skull profiles, as reflected in IZW, HPW, ChW, IMDAW, NW and NCWLB though not statistically significant. This study provides valuable osteometric data on Uda and Yankasa sheep breeds for taxonomic classification, evolutionary studies, and veterinary clinical applications such as regional anesthesia and surgical procedures involving the head.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baba Gana Gambo, Muhammad Khalid, Ali Musa Wulgo, Yagana Bukar Majama, Ibrahim Alhaji Girgiri, Waziri Alhaji Kachamai, Ahmed Yahaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of the efficacy of stable liquid chlorine dioxide (CLO2) in disinfection of stored table eggs
Microbiological contamination of table egg shells poses an important public health and technological challenge, particularly in the European Union, where washing and disinfection of Class A eggs are prohibited due to adverse effects associated with previously used sanitising agents. This study evaluated the efficacy of stable liquid chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) in reducing microbial load on eggshells during storage under commercial conditions. A total of 200 eggs were divided into two groups: a control group (untreated) and an experimental group treated with a fine aerosol of 50 ppm ClO₂. Microbiological cleanliness was assessed using total aerobic mesophilic bacterial count (UBAMB) and luminometry at predetermined intervals.Immediately after treatment (day 0), the experimental group showed a pronounced microbiological reduction, with median UBAMB values decreasing from 35,000 CFU in the control group to 70 CFU in the treated group (p = 0.029). Significant differences in luminometry values between the groups were observed on days 0 and 14 (p = 0.028; p = 0.025), indicating sustained antimicrobial activity during storage. Within the experimental group, luminometry values showed significant temporal variation (p = 0.015), characterised by an increase by day 7, followed by stabilisation by day 14, when values returned to levels comparable to those observed immediately after disinfection (p = 0.980). No significant temporal changes were detected in the control group (p = 0.276). Stable liquid chlorine dioxide proved to be an effective and technologically acceptable disinfectant, achieving significant microbial reduction without compromising egg integrity. These findings highlight the potential applicability of ClO2 as a modern, non-destructive sanitising option that addresses microbiological safety concerns while meeting the hygienic and regulatory requirements related to table egg production. Further research is recommended to assess the internal quality of eggs and to explore broader microbiological indicators under varying storage and environmental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ajla Ališah, Ermin Šaljić, Abdulah Gagić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Novel atherogenic indices and risk of cardiovascular complications in patients of hypertension
The study was aimed to evaluate the lipid panel parameters in Hypertension (HTA) patients along with gender-dependent comparison and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) risk estimated based on Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) values. This study aims to emphasize the importance of the lipid profile in blood in cardiovascular patients with hypertension. Total number of 136 adult HTA patients (85 female/51 male; mean age 63.3 ± 10.2 years old) were incorporated in this retrospective study. According to CVD risk estimated based on AIP values, patients were classified into two groups: HTA patients with low/moderate CVD risk - AIP ≤ 0.21 (n=51) and HTA patients with high CVD risk - AIP >0.21 (n=85). Triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (nHDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), Atherogenic coefficient (AC), TG/HDL-C ratio, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and TC/HDL-C ratio were used for comparison of both groups. Routine lipid parameters were analysed by standard biochemical methods. For calculation of composite lipid indices, we used reference formulas. HTA patients with high CVD risk had significantly higher levels of TC (p=0.02), TG/HDL-C ratio, TG, AIP, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, nHDL-cholesterol, TC/HDL-C ratio, and atherogenic coefficient, and significantly lover HDL-C compared to HTA patients with low/moderate CV risk (p<0.001 respectively). Our findings underscore the importance of considering various lipid profile parameters in risk stratification among patients with HTA.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emina Dervišević, Lejla Čolak, Amela Dervišević, Zurifa Ajanović, Ekrema Mujarić, Aida Bešić, Ferid Krupić, Edina Lazović, Hajrudin Spahović, Nedim Šuta, Almir Fajkić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sexual dimorphism of central midface skeleton: Geometric morphometrics approach on 3D models of human skull
Morphological differences of the skeleton between the genders have long attracted the attention of disciplines concerned with sex determination, leading to the development of various approaches for gender assessment. In addition to traditional techniques, geometric morphometrics has recently been introduced as a method for identifying sex based on skeletal features. Geometric morphometrics allows quantification and evaluation of biological shapes, including skeletal material, through the application of statistical and mathematical tools. The study was conducted on 3D models of 210 human skulls (139 male and 71 female). Within the central midface skeleton, nine landmarks were selected and marked in the Landmark Editor software. After marking the landmarks, their spatial coordinates were extracted and then imported into the MorphoJ program to analyze shape and size variation between sexes. Principal component analysis, covariance matrix generation, and discriminant function analysis were carried out with sex as the classification variable. The findings indicated that sex estimation based on the size and shape of the central midface skeleton reached an accuracy of 73% for males and 70% for females. The shape of the central midface skeleton exhibited statistically significant sexual dimorphism independent of size. After excluding the influence of facial size and considering only shape variables, geometric morphometrics achieved predictive accuracy of 73% for males and 72% for females.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zurifa Ajanović, Uzeir Ajanović, Maida Šahinović, Katarina Đurđević, Gorana Basailović, Nidžara Karup, Fuad Zukić, Emina Dervišević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nebulized phenylboronic acid significantly improves body weight in newly hatched male chicks of light laying hen lines
The aim of the study was to present a unique method to prevent the culling of male chicks of light laying hens by making them available for commercial use. A method for administering phenylboronic acid to chicks by nebulization is described. A group of 30 male chicks was exposed to FBA aerosol in a SONOVAC® device for 120 seconds and compared with two control groups of 30 chicks each (male and female) nebulized with saline solution. All chicks were fed identical diets: starter (20.37% protein) until 21 days of age, followed by finisher (17.72% protein) until 77 days of age. Housed on the floor, the chicks remained in optimal health. At 77 days of age, the mean body weight of the PBA group was 1681.07 g, compared to 1629.45 g in the control groups, with feed conversion ratios of 2.24 and 2.26 kg/ kg, respectively. From day 42 onwards, the PBA group consistently achieved higher body weights than the control group, and exhibited lower feed conversion ratios. These preliminary studies indicate significant potential for the economic utilization of male chicks of light laying hen lines. It is necessary to determine the optimal fattening duration, feed composition during the growing period, and assess the organoleptic and chemical properties of edible tissues to provide relevant practical indicators. The described procedure could significantly contribute to animal welfare, to which the member states of the European Union are committed. At the same time, it is a less expensive and more accessible method compared to those previously described in this context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hrvoje Mazija, Siniša Ivanković, Damir Đermić, Ernest Goldschmidt, Mirta Balenović, Zlatko Janječić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Discovery of new antibiotics using bioinformatics and machine learning methods
Antibiotic resistance is a serious global health threat that causes approximately 1.27 million deaths worldwide each year and is expected to reach 10 million by 2050. New antibiotic development is exceptionally challenging, typically requiring 10-15 years and approximately $1.5 billion investment. In this process, genomic and metagenomic analyses play a critical role by revealing the genetic potential of unculturable microorganisms and identifying new antibiotic-producing microorganisms. Additionally, deep learning models analyze molecular structures to identify new compounds with antibacterial activity, and virtual screening techniques analyze large molecular databases to determine potential active compounds. It has been shown that models developed using deep learning can predict antibiotic biosynthesis gene clusters with over 90% accuracy. Alongside these approaches, the identification of antibiotic combinations and the prediction of synergistic effects allow for the development of more effective treatment strategies against multidrug resistance. These methods contribute to the development of proactive approaches in managing antibiotic resistance and optimize the discovery of new antibiotics and the effective use of existing ones. This review examines the discovery of new antibiotics using bioinformatics and machine learning methods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehmet Nihat Ural https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Management of a mixed enterococcal and streptococcal infection in a three-year old bull mastiff bitch: A case report
Infertility in bitches posses a great concern to dog owners and breeders who intend to uplift their economic gain from sale of pupies. This case is a report of successful management of a mixed infection of enterococcus and streptococcus in a bull mastiff bitch presented following repeated still birth in two consecutive pregnancies. Vital parameters were normal, but haematologivcal parameters were below the reference range. Also, vaginal cytology indicated estrus, microbial culture and sensitivity test of vaginal swab indicated enterococcus and streptococus that were highly susceptible to arythromyzin and resistant to amoxicilin and ciprofloxacin. Since serum agglutination test returned negative for brucellosis, a confirmatory diagnosis of a mixed infection of enterococcus and streptococcus was made. Antibiotics treatment with the most sensitive drug, and post-treatment laboratory screening revealed a good prognosis. The bitch was succesfully bred at the next estrus post treatment. This case underscored the importance of laboratory diagnosis and management of systemic infections to sustain fertility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Christiana Ibe, Kennett Any, Emmanuel Adenaike, Eugenie Tchokote https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and risk factors of feline calicivirus and assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices among cat owners in Pakistan
Feline calicivirus is an upper respiratory tract infection characterized by mouth ulcers and runny eyes, and one of the commonest viral infections in cats. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of feline calicivirus and to identify the public’s knowledge, risk factors, attitude and practices towards calicivirus and general care of cats in Pakistan. The prevalence was determined based on diagnostic data (pathological observations and serological tests) from veterinary clinics in the study area during 2021. A questionnaire was designed to access the sociodemographic, knowledge, attitude and practices regarding feline calicivirus among 298 pet owners. The overall prevalence of feline calicivirus was 17.1%. The majority (62.75%) of the pet owners showed overall poor knowledge about the transmission of the virus and its infectiousness. A poor attitude towards the prevention of feline calicivirus was also observed in 52.68% of respondents. Most pet owners (62.75%) had poor values regarding the cleanliness of their cats. Because most surveys were completed by responders living in urban areas, very few cats were exposed to toxins such as pesticides. Despite not knowing much about the virus itself, responders were keen to keep their feline pets healthy with good hygiene; however, only a minimum ensured it.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maheen Hanif, Muhammad Asif Gondal, Abid Ali, Emina Dervišević, Jing Zhang, Haroon Ahmed, Jianping Cao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pseudoacetabulum formation on the femur following untreated femoral neck fracture in a juvenile cat: Surgical management and outcome
Femoral neck fractures are relatively common in cats and typically result from high-energy trauma, such as falls from significant heights. If left untreated or inadequately managed, these fractures can lead to chronic complications including pseudarthrosis, joint instability, and impaired function. This report describes a rare case of pseudoacetabulum formation secondary to an untreated femoral neck fracture in a juvenile cat. A four-month-old kitten presented following a fall from height and was diagnosed with a femoral neck fracture. Based on the owner’s decision, conservative management was pursued, and surgery was declined. In the months that followed, the patient developed progressive lameness and hip pain. By seven months of age, advanced imaging revealed separation of the femoral head from the anatomical acetabulum and the formation of a pseudoarticulation between the femoral head and proximal femur metaphysis, consistent with a pseudoacetabulum—a phenomenon more commonly described in human medicine following chronic hip dysplasia. In this case, the pseudoacetabulum was attributed to traumatic injury managed conservatively without adequate follow-up. Surgical excision of the femoral head and neck subsequently resulted in satisfactory functional recovery. This case highlights the importance of timely surgical intervention in femoral neck fractures in young cats and emphasizes pseudoacetabulum formation as a rare but clinically significant sequela of delayed or insufficient treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmet Ince, Refet Erand Eratam, Seyit Turalı, İrem Ergin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiological assessment of marine species in Neum bay (Bosnia and Herzegovina): Implications for one health and food safety
Environmental radioactivity is often an overlooked factor in the One Health framework, despite its potential to impact human health through bioaccumulation and trophic web transfer. This study presents a radiological assessment of marine species along Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Adriatic coastline, using mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and sea cucumbers (Holothuria sp.) as bioindicator species. Samples from each species were collected from Neum Bay and analysed using gamma spectrometry. Activity concentrations of radionuclides K-40, Be-7, Pb-210, Cs-137 and Ra-226 were determined based on their characteristic gamma emission lines or those of their decay products. All activity concentrations are expressed on dry weight (d.w.). In mussels, the dominant radionuclide was K-40 (340.6 Bq/kg), followed by Pb-210 (15.6 Bq/kg), Be-7 (14.5 Bq/kg), Cs-137 was present at low level (0.1 Bq/kg), and Ra-226 was below the detection limit (<0.4 Bq/kg). In contrast, sea cucumbers showed lower K-40 activity (123.4 Bq/kg), but higher levels of Pb-210 (49.8 Bq/kg), Be-7 (36.9 Bq/kg), and detectable Ra-226 (7.7 Bq/kg), while Cs-137 was not detected. The activity concentration of Po-210 in Mytilus galloprovincialis was not measured directly, however it can be estimated using established relationship between Po-210 and Pb-210 observed in mussels, particularly from the MARIS program. Using a conservative ratio of 15:1, the estimated 210Po activity concentration in Neum Bay mussels is approximately 90 Bq/ kg (f.w.). From a public health perspective, it is likely that ingestion dose would be underestimated due to the absence of alpha-emitting Po-210 data in mussels. These findings highlight the importance of integrating environmental radionuclide monitoring into food safety and marine ecosystem protection strategies, particularly in under-monitored regions such as Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nejra Karaman, Mirza Čelebičić, Nedim Mujić, Nedžad Gradaščević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tissue preservation with Elnady technique: Important remarks
Formalin, as a proven carcinogenic and toxic chemical, is aiming to be reduced or completely removed from use in all spheres. Among different alternatives for formalin use, the plastination technique is widely known as unique method in tissue preservation. Due to its expensiveness, more affordable method has been invented by Professor Fawzy Elnady. The Elnady technique aims to detoxify formalin specimens used in classes by using cheaper and available chemicals. The specimens obtained are non-toxic, durable, odorless, dry, soft and flexible. They can be used in the teaching of anatomy, but also in other subjects such as embryology, pathology, parasitology, clinics and forensic veterinary medicine. During preparation, formalin is used for tissue fixation, acetone for dehydration, glycerin for impregnation and corn starch for drying of specimens. In this study, we observed effectiveness of the method on more than 100 different specimens. The results showed that lower quality specimens are obtained when the organs are stored in formalin for longer time. Usually, these specimens became darker with the decrease of visibility of structures. Furthermore, we noticed that lungs become darker with tissue sensitive to damages. The liver preparation resulted in dark, non-flexible specimen. We suggest these changes could be due to the time specimens were in glycerin since before this phase specimens had adequate characteristics. Throughout the specimens we also noticed the bad impact organ membranes had if left on the organ. With the acetone, they became too dry and their remains decreased the quality of the specimens. In our study, we confirmed the results of the author but we suggest that this method is not adequate for every type of organ and that organ membranes should be removed prior to process. We emphasize the importance of fresh specimens use, since older formalin specimens after preparation were not of great quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anel Vejzović, Rizah Avdić, Faruk Tandir, Nejra Dučić, Nedžad Hadžiomerović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The forensic significance of core temperature in identifying primary and secondary hypothermia as a cause of death: A pilot study on Wistar rats
Hypothermia is defined as a body core temperature below 35 °C and can be caused by internal or external stress. Primary hypothermia is caused by excessive exposure to low environmental temperature without any medical conditions prior to that. Secondary hypothermia is caused by alteration in thermoregulation by disease, trauma, surgery, drugs, or infections. The aim of the research is to investigate core temperature values in rats subjected to specific water temperatures at five different time points. It focuses on distinguishing between primary and secondary hypothermia in these rats. The total 21 Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups as: Control group rats exposed only to hypothermic condition (n = 7); Alcohol + hypothermia (n = 7); and Benzodiazepines + hypothermia (n = 7). The temperature spots analyzed in the study were: normal core temperature, core temperature during injection of 0,3 ml ketamine, temperature of immersion and the temperature at the onset of hypothermia and temperature at the time of death. In our study the comparative analysis of body temperatures at various time points following submersion in water revealed significant differences among the study groups treated with either alcohol or benzodiazepines and the control group. Notable differences were observed in baseline temperature, post-anesthesia induction temperature, and immediate post-submersion temperature. Specifically, significant differences were discovered among the alcohol and benzodiazepine groups (p < 0.001) and ranging from the alcohol and control groups (p < 0.001). The analysis of survival times following induced hypothermia revealed a statistically significant difference among the three experimental groups (p = 0.04), though subsequent post-hoc comparisons did not demonstrate significant differences in mean survival times. There is a difference in survival time between primary and secondary hypothermia groups, depending on consumption and intoxication with alcohol or benzodiazepines. The analysis of survival times following induced hypothermia showed a statistically significant difference among the groups.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amina Zorlak-Čavčić, Muhamed Katica, Emina Dervišević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancing meat classification and veterinary training through 3D technology
The use of different distant learning methods in veterinary medicine has become more popular since the COVID-19 pandemic. Technologies such as virtual reality (VR), 3D models, video lectures, and other digital tools have enhanced the educational experience by enabling interactive 3D visualization, particularly in teaching anatomy and simulating clinical procedures. A crucial aspect of veterinary hygiene and public health is the accurate categorization of meat, a responsibility that lies with veterinary professionals. This classification is vital not only for regulatory compliance but also for combating food fraud - a persistent issue that undermines food safety, public health, and consumer trust. In light of frequent food fraud cases both locally and globally, it is essential for professionals and consumers alike to understand the distinguishing characteristics of various meat categories. This study aimed to assess the ability of twenty-five fourth-year veterinary students at University of Sarajevo to identify meat categories and describe muscle anatomy using three different teaching methods: traditional classroom learning, computer-based learning with 3D scanned models, and immersive VR. To support this goal, an innovative virtual resource “3DMeat” was developed using 3D scanning technology. The findings of this study indicate that technology-based learning tools, especially immersive and interactive approaches like VR and 3D visualization, can substantially improve student engagement and knowledge retention when learning complex topics such as meat categorization. This research also aimed to bridge the gap between professional, legally defined meat classifications and commonly used market terms by explaining the morphological and anatomical features of muscles associated with each category.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nejra Dučić, Faruk Tandir, Rizah Avdić, Kenan Čaklovica, Neira Fazlović, Anel Vejzović, Migena Gjoni Gündemir, Nedžad Hadžiomerović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monitoring changes in the eyes – The significance of the post-mortem interval in asphyxia
Post-mortem ocular changes, particularly those affecting the sclera, are valuable indicators in forensic pathology for the estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) and the evaluation of tissue decomposition. Previous studies have shown that dark scleral spots can appear within hours after death, influenced by eyelid position and environmental conditions. Our research aimed to examine how postmortem scleral changes progress over time and whether they are affected by environmental or physiological factors. Twelve Wistar rats were divided into four groups: K – control group, autopsy performed immediately after death (n=3); A – 24- hour postmortem interval (n=3); B – 48-hour interval (n=3); C - 72-hour interval (n=3). All rats died by asphyxia due to hanging. Temperature measured during the study included: antemortem core temperature, ambient temperature, postmortem core temperature, postmortem eye temperature, and eye temperature at autopsy. Each eye sample was examined macroscopically for corneal and scleral changes relative to the postmortem interval. Ambient temperature significantly influenced the postmortem body temperature of the rats. With increasing postmortem interval, ocular changes, such as corneal dryness and appearance of scleral spots, became more pronounced. This pilot study demonstrated that, despite anatomical differences from human cadavers, the Wistar rat model provides a reliable experimental framework for studying postmortem scleral changes and related temperature patterns. These findings can enhance forensic investigations and support future research on ocular indicators of the postmortem interval.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emina Dervišević, Edina Lazović, Layan Matar, Amina Zorlak-Čavčić, Hana Bašić, Muhamed Katica, Emina Kujundžić, Nadža Kapo, Francesco Sessa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monitoring of an orphaned Bosnian Mountain Horse foal: A one-year case study
This case report describes a foal of the Bosnian Mountain Horse (Equus ferus caballus) type, found in a cachectic and life-threatening condition in Eastern Bosnia, in April 2024. The foal, approximately two months old and orphaned, was adopted by local residents. It was fed a diet based on diluted cow’s milk, forage and concentrates, supplemented with minerals and vitamins. The foal was monitored until it reached one year of age. Morphometric measurements included front cannon girth, thorax girth, body length, height at withers, and height at croup. Despite non-standard feeding and care conditions, the foal showed progressive recovery and development comparable to healthy foals of the same breed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadža Kapo-Dolan, Ajla Ališah, Muhamed Katica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An assessment of cardiac histopathological changes in doxorubicin dose-dependent animal models
One effective anthracycline human chemotherapy drug that is frequently used to treat solid and haematological cancers is doxorubicin (DOX). The dose-dependent cardiotoxicity of some medications can result in irreversible heart failure, limiting their clinical utility. Understanding the pathophysiology and early detection of DOX-induced cardiac injury is made possible by animal models, especially rats, using acute models of DOX cardiotoxicity due to less time-consuming operations. The aim of this research is to determine a potential cardiotoxic DOX dose in gender-specific Wistar wild-type rats using light microscopy for evaluating morphological changes of the heart. Adult Wistar rats (n=10), including males (n=5) and females (n=5), were treated with doxorubicin intraperitoneal injection in different doses (25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) per male rat and female rat, respectively. Rats were sacrificed after 48 hours and 72 hours for the models of 25 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, while the rats of the 40 mg/kg model group were sacrificed 24 hours after. The myocardium of the left ventricle is analysed using a light microscope under magnifications of ten and twenty times. Male Wistar rats developed more pronounced morphological changes of the left ventricle compared to female Wistar rats, resulting in myocardial interstitial oedema and disorganisation of myocyte architecture. Male Wistar wild-type rats develop a more aggressive form of acute cardiotoxicity caused by doxorubicin compared to female Wistar wild-type rats.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rijad Jahić, Edina Lazović Salčin, Muhamed Katica, Almir Fajkić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0